Scientific Calculator

I'll create a comprehensive scientific calculator for you. The calculator will feature a clean interface with a display panel showing current input and results, organized button grids for numbers (0-9), basic operators (+, -, *, /, =), and scientific functions (sin, cos, tan, log, ln, exp, sqrt, pow, factorial). I'll implement memory buttons (M+, M-, MR, MC) with a visual indicator showing stored values, a degree/radian toggle switch, and a history panel that logs all calculations with timestamps. The keyboard shortcuts will include number keys, operators, Enter for equals, and Escape to clear. Error messages will display descriptively (e.g., "Cannot divide by zero" or "Invalid input"). The responsive design will stack buttons vertically on mobile devices while maintaining a two-column layout on desktop, with three theme options accessible via a settings menu.

I should note that creating a fully functional scientific calculator requires quite a bit of code. I'll provide a well-structured implementation with proper separation of concerns: HTML for structure, CSS for the visual design and themes, and JavaScript for the calculation logic using proper parsing techniques. The key challenge will be implementing the correct order of operations and handling edge cases gracefully—for instance, ensuring trigonometric functions properly convert between degrees and radians, and that the history log doesn't consume excessive memory. I'll include clear code comments explaining the mathematical operations and error handling logic, making it maintainable and extensible for future enhancements.

Here's a scientific calculator implementation using modern web technologies. The calculator uses JavaScript's Math object for trigonometric and logarithmic functions, with a custom parser implementing the shunting-yard algorithm for proper operator precedence. The UI is built with CSS Grid for responsive layout, CSS custom properties for theming, and localStorage API for persisting calculation history and preferences. Keyboard events are mapped using event.key with preventDefault() to avoid browser shortcuts. The responsive breakpoint is set at 768px, transitioning from a compact layout to an expanded scientific mode with additional function buttons.